The Evolution of Estimated Time of Arrival: The City of Toronto’s CVE Program
Keywords:
Direct-Service, Engagement, Case Study, CVE, Toronto, CanadaAbstract
The Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) field is evolving in Canada, with CVE teams offering psychosocial disengagement interventions in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Quebec. This article is written as a case study to detail the evolution of the city of Toronto’s CVE program, called Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA), housed in the community mental health centre Yorktown Family Services (“Yorktown”). Toronto – the largest Canadian city, provincial capital of Ontario, and one of the most multicultural cities in the world – has seen several high-profile cases of violent extremism and terrorism over the past few years. For example, there were two “Incel” attacks that together killed eleven people, including nine women, in 2018 and 2020. In 2022, hate crime occurrences reported to the Toronto Police Service were 74% higher than pre-pandemic levels, and 40% higher than the 10-year average. Clearly, there was a need for a structured and multi-sectoral response which led to the inception of ETA in 2020. Against this backdrop, this paper outlines ETA’s program components and operational design. Various data points such as client age range, ideological affiliation, and services rendered are provided to demonstrate trends for the period of April 2022 to March 2023. As this paper will demonstrate, ETA’s services are grounded in engagement, outreach, case management (multi-agency service delivery), psychotherapy, religious counselling, peer support and forensic consultation, which is reflected in the evolving CVE literature and evidence-base.
References
Altier, M. B., Leonard Boyle, E., & Horgan, J. G. (2021). Returning to the Fight: An Empirical Analysis of Terrorist Reengagement and Recidivism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(4), 836-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1679781
Bringhurst, D., Watson, C., Miller, S., Duncan, B. (2006) The Reliability and Validity of the Outcome Rating Scale: A Replication Study of a Brief Clinical Measure. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5(1)23-30.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service. (2021). CSIS Public Report 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/security-intelligence-service/corporate/publications/2020-public-report.html
Canadian Security Intelligence Service. (2022). CSIS Public Report 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/security-intelligence-service/corporate/publications/2021-public-report.html
Canadian Security Intelligence Service. (2023). CSIS Public Report 2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/security-intelligence-service/corporate/publications/2022-public-report.html
Cappelli, M., Zemek, R., Polihronis, C., Thibedeau, N. R., Kennedy, A., Gray, C., Jabbour, M., Reid, S., & Cloutier, P. (2020). The HEADS-ED: Evaluating the Clinical Use of a Brief, Action-Oriented, Pediatric Mental Health Screening Tool. Pediatric emergency care, 36(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001180
Chan, V., & Derenne, J. (Eds.). (2021). Transition-age youth mental health care : bridging the gap between pediatric and adult psychiatric care (1st ed. 2021.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62113-1
Cherney, A., De Rooy, K., & Williams, R. (2022). An Evidence Review of Strategies Targeting Youth Who Have Radicalised to Violent Extremism. Journal for Deradicalization, Winter 2022 (33) 40-69.
Clark, M. (2019). Motivational Interviewing for Deradicalization: Increasing the Readiness for Change. Journal of Deradicalization, Fall 2019 (20) 47-74.
Clemmow, C., Rottweiler, B., Wolfowicz, M., Bouhana, N., Marchment, Z., & Gill, P. (2024). The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Risk and Protective Profiles for Vulnerability to Radicalization. Justice Quarterly, 41(1), 140–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2023.2171902
Demkiw, M. (2023). Multisector Collaboration to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Framework to Enhance Community Safety and Well-Being in Canada’s Largest City. Police Chief 90, no. 11 (November 2023): 28–33.
Dyck, H. L., Campbell, M. A., & Wershler, J. L. (2018). Real-World Use of the Risk-Need- Responsivity Model and the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory With Community-Supervised Offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 42(3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000279
Ellis, B. H., & Abdi, S. (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships. American Psychologist, 72(3), 289–300.
Ellis, B.H., Miller, A.B., Schouten, R., Agalab, N.Y., & Abdi, S.M. (2020). The Challenge and Promise of a Multidisciplinary Team Response to the Problem of Violent Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-18.
Finch, J., & McKendrick, D. (2019). Securitising social work: Counter terrorism, extremism, and radicalisation. In The Routledge Handbook of Critical Social Work (1st ed., pp. 244–255). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351264402-22
Finch, J., Kamali, M., McKendrick, D. (2022). Social work and countering violent extremism in Sweden and the UK. European Journal of Social Work, 25:1, 119- 130, DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2019.1657803
Hassan, G., Brouillette-Alarie, S., Ousman, S., Savard, É. L., Kilinc, D., Madriaza, P., Varela, W., Pickup, D., Danis, E., & the CPN-PREV team. (2021). A systematic review on the outcomes of tertiary prevention programs in the field of violent radicalization. Canadian Practitioners Network for the Prevention of Radicalization and Extremist Violence. https://cpnprev.ca/systematic-review-3/
Haugstvedt, H. (2019). Trusting the Mistrusted: Norwegian Social Workers’ Strategies in Preventing Radicalization and Violent Extremism. Journal for Deradicalization, Summer 2019 (19) 149-184
Horgan, J. and Braddock, K. (2010). Rehabilitating the terrorists? Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of de-radicalization programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22 (2), 267–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748.
Khalil, J., Horgan, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2022). The Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model of Violent Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(3), 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1699793
Khalil, J., Zeuthen, M.& Marsden, S. (2023). A Guide to Deradicalisation & Disengagement Programming: Designing and Implementing Interventions through the Lens of the ABC Model. Crest Creative Commons. ]http://www.crestresearch.ac.uk/copyright
Knoll, J. L., White, S. G., & Meloy, J. R. (2022). Envy and extreme violence. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1744
Koehler, D. (2017). Structural quality standards for work to intervene with and counter violent extremism. German Institute on Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies and Ministry of the Interior, Digitisation and Migration Baden-Württemberg. http://girds.org/publications/handbook-for-structural-quality-standards-in-deradicalization-work.
Koehler, D., & Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing What to Do: Academic and Practitioner Understanding of How to Counter Violent Radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism (Lowell), 13(3), 44–62.
Kozmelj, R. (2017). Prevent-refer-address: a comprehensive multi-level policy solution in the area of prevention and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) in the Western Balkan region. Linked In. (https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/preventreferaddress-mechanism-p-r-a-rajko-kozmelj)
Kupper, Julia & Cotti, Patricia & Meloy, John. (2023). The Hanau Terror Attack: Unraveling the Dynamics of Mental Disorder and Extremist Beliefs. 10.1037/tam0000201.
Lewis, J., Marsden, S., Cherney, A., Zeuthen, M., Bélanger, J. J., Zubareva, A., Brandsch, J., & Lubrano, M. (2023). PROTOCOL: Case management interventions seeking to counter radicalisation to violence: A systematic review of tools and approaches. Campbell systematic reviews, 19(1), e1301. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1301
Logan, C., Borum, R. and Gill, P. (eds.) 2023. Violent Extremism: A handbook of risk assessment and management. London: UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.14324/ 111.9781800081970
Moonshot Team. (2023). Countering Radicalization to Violence in Ontario and Quebec: Canada’s First Online-Offline Interventions Model. Retrieved from https://moonshotteam.com/resource/countering-radicalization-to-violence-in-ontario-and-quebec/
Nilson, C. (2016). Canada’s Hub Model: Calling for Perceptions and Feedback from those Clients at the Focus of Collaborative Risk-Driven Intervention. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 1(3), 58–60. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.30
Rabasa, A., Pettyjohn, S. L., Ghez, J. J., & Boucek, C. (2010). Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1053.pdf
Randazzo, M. & Cameron, K. (2012) From Presidential Protection to Campus Security: A Brief History of Threat Assessment in North American Schools and Colleges, Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 26:4, 277-290, DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2012.711146
Ross, J., Darke, S., Kelly, E. and Hetherington, K. (2012), Suicide risk assessment practices: A national survey of generalist drug and alcohol residential rehabilitation services. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31: 790-796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00437.x
SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices. (2010). Motivational Interviewing. Retrieved from http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/
Sparks, J.A. and Duncan, B.L. (2018), The Partners for Change Outcome Management System: A Both/And System for Collaborative Practice. Fam. Proc., 57: 800-816. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12345
Silke, A., Morrison, J., Maiberg, H., Slay, C., & Stewart, R. (2021). The Phoenix Model of Disengagement and Deradicalisation from Terrorism and Violent Extremism. Monatsschrift Für Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform, 104(3), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0128
Stephens, W., Sieckelinck, S., & Boutellier, H. (2021) Preventing Violent Extremism: A Review of the Literature, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44:4, 346-361, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1543144
Thompson, S., Leroux, E., Mirenzi, S., Hurd, D., Giffin, L., & Amos, J. (2020). Final Report: Design and Performance: Developing Canadian Partnerships for Countering Violent Extremism. Report for Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS).
Thompson, S., Leroux, E. (2023). Lessons learned from dual site formative evaluations of Countering violent extremism (CVE) programming co-led by Canadian police, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 18:1, 24-42, DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2040741
Weber, L., & Carter, A. I. (2003). The Social Construction of Trust. New York: Springer Science Business Media.
Weine, S., Eisenman, D. P., Jackson, T., Kinsler, J., & Polutnik, C. (2017). Utilizing mental health professionals to help prevent the next attacks. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 29(4), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2017.1343533
Weine, S., & Kansal, S. (2019). What should global mental health do about violent extremism? Global Mental Health, 6, E14. doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.12
Williams, Michael. (2022). Research Methods Brief: Anatomy of Process Evaluations for P/CVE. Journal for Deradicalization. No.30(Spring), 252-274.
Yuzva Clement, D., Kiefer, J., Hassan, G. and King, M. (2022). Countering Radicalization to Violence in Canada: A Multi-Sector Perspective, in Rauf Ceylan and Michael Kiefer, Der islamische Fundamentalismus im 21. Jahrhundert. (Wiesbaden: Springer VS), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37486-0_16
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Andrew McKenzie, David O’Brien
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The JD Journal for Deradicalization uses a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND) Licence. You are free to share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following conditions:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, andindicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
